The Ulqin female “Ulcina Trulullo” from 1080 near Split

“This also appears as a proper name of a woman (Ulcina Trulullo) in a document from 1080, near Split. (Sakcinski, Codex I).”¹

Medieval Albanians in Ulqin, Kotorr and Perast

Albanian soldiers Demeter and Gjergj Krytha (Cruta), Gjergj Skura and others who liberated Makarska in 1673

“The Latin plaque does not speak enough about the siege that took place in the context of the Cretan war, in which the Arbian stratiotes made an invaluable contribution to Venice. Their companies were led by “governors” as commanders were called in the jargon of the time.

The most vocal of them were Demeter and Gjergj Krytha (Cruta), Gjergj Skura and others who liberated Makarska, and when the Turks conquered it, they managed to repel them. They defended Šibenik, Salona, Zara and the entire Dalmatian coast (Brusoni, 1673). Gjin Guma from Himara and his son Gjini i Riu, Gjergj Greku, Angels, Laskari, etc. there are other names of stratiots which, if it had not been for the Venetian chroniclers, we would have left them in oblivion today. Skura’s grave, along with that of Gjon Gjin and several others, is located in the Franciscan church of Zara. (Ndreca, Shejzat 2020).²

Mehmet Bey Ciuperlli and “di nazione albanese”.

“In that war, the Stratiots faced Mehmet bey Ciuperlli, as Bruson says: “Mehmet ciuperlli di nazione albanese”, this tree too. And in fact the city of Kotor was freed in 1657 from the siege of the High Gate, carried out with insufficient power “e con cattiua condotta da i Bassa di Scutari, d’Albania, di Bossena, e d’Erzeguina” – and with the organization of weakly from the pashalars of Shkodra, Arberia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, continues Brusoni’s account.”³

Teodor Manessi (Manëzi, Maneshi) in 1423

But the Stratiotes were continuously present in Dalmatia, long before the wars of Skanderbeg. Arbërian archers can be found familiarly in Šibenik since 1423 (Dipl. Sibenicense). Their military base, until a hundred years before the Cretan war, was the island of Saint Gabriel, which until recently was called “Stradioti”, while today it is called Sveti Marko, in front of the city of Tivat. Teodor Manessi (Manëzi, Maneshi) is mentioned as the most famous among these fighters. He ordered as an ex-voto an icon of St. George, conciliator of the Kreshniks, which is found to this day in the Scuola de Greci, in Venice.”⁴

Hieronim Byzanti of 1570

“These 300 meters of road are enough to write the history of at least five centuries of Kotor. As soon as you enter it, a memorial plaque in Croatian tells you about the participation of the Kotorians with their ship “Saint Tryphon” in the battle of Lepanto. The captain of the ship was Hieronim Byzanti, from a very well-known family of this city. In the archive of this family, the manuscript about Arberia from 1570, which we mentioned at the beginning, was also kept.”⁵

Gjon Golica and Vinvenc Bukia of the Buchia (Buqa) family of the 17th century

“As a rich and Catholic family, of course, her gifts for cult works were not lacking. And in fact, in the church of the Franciscan assembly of the Poor Clares of the century. XVIII, to the right of the baroque altar, the names of two nobles Gjon Bolica and Vincenc Bukia, sons of families united by marriage, are commemorated. In 1616, Mariano Buchia and Francesco Boliza [Bulica] published the Statute of Kotor that we mentioned. The monks of the Dominican order, once very important in Dalmatia, were not absent from this family. Today, due to the celestialization, the name of this family is pronounced “Buqa”.⁶

Saint Respik (Catharus Dalmatiae Civitas, 1759) from the Albanian toponym “Reps” in Mirditë.

“After a left turn, you find yourself in the square of St. Tryphon’s Cathedral, the Catholic cathedral of Kotor. Saint Tryphon in the Roman martyrologist is mentioned together with his fellow martyr Saint Respik (Catharus Dalmatiae Civitas, 1759). From the latter, in the territory of Albania, we inherited the toponym “Reps”, in Mirdita, by metathesis.”

Bishop of Kotor Maji (Ego Maio), Lazr of Arbër, Martin of Drishti, Gjon of Ulcin and other priests in 1166

“On May 20, 1166, the bishop of Kotor Maji (Ego Maio) called “our fellow brothers” for the consecration of the altars: Lazr of Arbër, Martin of Drishti, Gjon of Ulcin, and other priests from Arbëria and Budva. The altar in the center dedicated to Saint Tryphon and the martyrs Prenga and Feliciani was consecrated by the bishop of the city, Maji; the one on the left, dedicated to Saint Mary, was ordained by Lazri, the bishop of Arbër (read: of Kruja); the one on the right dedicated to Saints John and Paul was ordained by John, the bishop of Ulcinj (Sakcinski, Codex III). The original document is in the Academy of Sciences in Zagreb, but it was reproduced for us by prof. J. Drançolli (Buzuku, 52).”⁷

Albanians of Perast

Trifon Smecchia and Gjergj Kastriot

“When you enter the town from the north to the south, the first building that catches your eye is the museum, which has found a suitable home in the Smecchia family palace. The sun at its zenith does not give you the opportunity for contemplation, but a name rings out at the top: Trifon Smecchia, author of a tragedy dedicated to Gjergj Kastriot (Nadin, Studi Goldoniani, 2015).”

Andreu and Vincenci, and the admral of the Russian fleet in the 1880s

“For Albanians, the Zmajevics are mainly known for two figures: Andreu and Vincenci, angel and nephew. His brother is no less famous. Vincent, Matthew, but he became admiral of the Russian imperial fleet in the Baltic Sea and very little is known about him. (Bassich, 1883).”

Church of Saint Kolli

“In the center of the town, by the sea, there is the church of Saint Kolli with its bell tower visible from all sides of Perast. At lunch, there are no people on the promenade, only in the restaurants and bars by the sea you can hear the beer caps bouncing off the bottles in the hands of the waiters as they offer them to the vacationers.

Gerard Gallata, archbishop of Durrës

“The one on the right wall talks about Andre Zmajevic, former student of the Fide Propaganda College in Rome. He was appointed archbishop of Tivar by Pope Clement X, and he was ordained in this church by the archbishop of Durrës, Gerard Gallata, from the well-known arboricultural family of Gallataj and Krujë-Kurbini. When he went to Tivar, Rev. Andreu placed his headquarters among the Pastrovics, a well-known tribe, and as the metropolis he was, he also had Shkodra under his administration. And in fact, in the “Squad of Prophets”, Pjeter Bogdani dedicates an ode full of praise (Zmaievich, ò dritta jonè) for the support he had given to this and other Arber prelates. The ode closes with the verses: “They fish how it started / the lion gives the sea / if the eclipse covers it / the Dragon devours Hana”.

Ivan Zmajevic and Ndrec Shilopi of 1702

“In the Maritime Register of Dalmatia from 1700 to 1710 there are records of over 50 ships of Perast that traveled along the coast, from Venice to Durrës. Among them, he notes the names of captains Ivan Zmajević, precisely in the year 1700, and Ndrec Shilopi, 1702. (Čolak, 1993)”

Albanian soldier Mihovil Kruta (Crutta or Kryethi) fighting in 1646 in Šibenik and Skradin

“The Candian War on the Dalmatian battlefield. Zabelijen er as the governor and commander of the Albanian (Soldati Albanesi) and Croatian troops that fought in the battles near Šibenik and Skradin in 1646/7 (together with the domestic troops foreseen by the Croat Frane Posedarski and the Albanian Mihovil Kruta). In the summer of 1648, Mihovil Kruta was killed in a skirmish with the Ottomans … “⁸

“… Mihovil Kruta with his troupe of Arnaut fighters”.⁹

“… Mihovil Kruta (Crutta). After that, the Lika sandjak Halilbeg arrived under the city itself with about 1,000 soldiers. Unable to conquer the city, Halilbeg retreated, having previously set fire to the Biograd town of Granda. Seeing that less established and …”¹⁰

The Albanian Marko Giorga (alb. Mark Gjergj) from Spič and the Archbishop of Tivar (Antivari) in 1960s

“At that time, the archbishop of Bar was Marko Giorga, an Albanian from Spič (1696-1700).”¹¹

When an Albanian agent from “the Albanian nation” was sent to Split to see if the Christians still ruled Clissa in 1580

… the fortress of Clissa: Therefore I sent a man of the Albanian nation to Split, to find out if Clissa was still in the hands of the Christians, who, having reached that city, made his way with a person (fol. 230 v.) in his opinion he supported the undertaking, in whose house he still stayed: but shortly afterwards, revealed by the hotelier, he was detained and imprisoned by commission of the most illustrious Benedetto Moro general in Dalmatia”.¹²

The Albanian Paulo Crucci Albanese (Pal Kuci?)

“… a frigate from Trani of the Vice King of Naples with 14 oars, a
Paulo Cruci Albanese, sent expressly by that Sr. Viceroy to this
place, from whom he wanted to understand the reason for his
coming, confessed to me that he was sent by diligence by the
said Viceroy, to understand if it was true that Spalato had been … “¹³

When Shestani of Krajë was Catholic Albanian

“Even at the time of the travels of our indefatigable Baldacci (1892) Šestani was Albanian and Catholic; indeed the parish priest at the time was a Neapolitan missionary, Father Antonio Campanella. It is therefore difficult for a radical change in language and religion to have occurred in just a few years … “¹⁴

Albanians Niceforo of Durrës and Giovanni di Michele of Kotorr (ital. Cattaro) in the 15th century

… “Kotor and the Albanian ports, but it is almost always impossible to
know where they usually live. An Albanian master, a certain Niceforo
of Durazzo, who worked on behalf of merchants is mentioned a few
times: in November 1444, another master of Durazzo, Giovanni di Michele, received, in the name of Niceforo, 25 ducats that were due to him while, in June 1445, he rents his ship to a Cattarino for a small voyage to Alessio.”¹⁵

Albanians Michael Jechi and Petrus Duchainus (Pjetër Dugjani?)

“… Michael Jechi and Petrus Duchainus, who promise to
pay, one month after their return to Durres, the wine bought from a
Cattarino, but the payment will be made in the hands of the Venetian Marco Maripatro, obviously an importer wholesaler in the Albanian
port , since it is still to him that the man from Corone, also a Durachii
habitator, must pay the sums due to another Cattarino producer…”¹⁶

Albanians of Kotorr and their social traits

“Among many other social traits of the Albanians of Kotor, one can therefore understand the scarcity of marriages between Kotor and them; we only have two cases: Nicho de Rogo married Anucla, daughter of the Cattarino Zvico, and we can see in 1453, but in Ragusa, the marriage between another Cattarino”Kotor and the Albanian ports, but it is almost always impossible to know where they usually live.”¹⁷

The Albanian “Jeluxa” of Kotorr in 1453

“… Albanian Jeluxa in 1453. It may be stated that the only means of communication between the Albanians in Kotor and the local society may have been the presence , albeit quite modest , of Albanians in the Kotoran clergy , a fact of …”¹⁸

The Albanian Pietro Longo (alb. Pjetër Llangu) from 1490

“At Porta Cumana, alongside the former Albanian soldier Pietro Longo, an Antonio da Milano was appointed in the early months of 1490, but it could only be a support given his advanced age, given that the Albanian was in load for several years… “¹⁹

The Albanians bookseller Pietro Longo who was drowned 1588 in Venice

“In January 1588, the bookseller Pietro Longo was drowned in Venice because he had imported banned books from afar”.²⁰

An Albanian woman from Bologna in 1586 who was sent to Rome to be punished

“Furthermore, in 1586, a woman (albanese) from Bologna was sent to Rome by the Inquisition in Padua at the request of Cardinal Cornaro extradited to endure their punishment … “²¹

Superintendent of Cattaro speaking of Albanians in 1604:

“The superintendent of Cattaro spoke in the same terms about the peoples of Albania on 2 March 1640: «All the peoples of Albania are equally well intentioned towards this Most Serene Dominion; they pray even more to God to remove them from such harsh servitude”.²²

The horse dealer Martin Staniza (Stanisha) of Antivar (Tivari) and Albanian soldier Pepa di Luka Giuroi (Pepa of Lukë Gjura) in 1577 during the Venetian-Ottoman war

“A small trial from 1577, preserved in the Criminal files of the Council of Ten, concerning the Antivarino Martin Staniza, a horse and biave dealer, is useful to us here. After the war, Martin had been an informant on behalf of the Venetians in Bar while simultaneously continuing his mercantile activity: his mother remained in Bar, while his sister-in-law, after her husband’s escape, lived with Mehmet Bey, qadi of the city.

The citizens of Budva accused Staniza of taking advantage of her privileged connection with the Turks, intimidating all those who wanted to trade grain in the city; he was also accused of having renounced the faith and of having knowingly sold his sister-in-law to the Turk.”²³

Albanian soldier Pepa di Luka Giuroi

“One of the witnesses, the Albanian soldier Pepa di Luka Giuroi, who went to Antivari for the enlistment of infantry, described the evident affinity that the merchant had with the Turkish officers, and even managed to speak with the qadi’s concubine, who, despite his good condition, he complained about not being able to confess and take communion.

Another witness, Bellafusa, a doctor from Budva, had gone to treat patients in Turkish territory, and in the meantime had gathered information about Staniza. The merchant defended himself, bringing in his favor the testimonies of the Catholic and Orthodox inhabitants of the village of Spič in Turkish territory; the Council of Ten referred the sentence to the rector of Cattaro, which unfortunately has not reached us. Whatever the fate of Martin Staniza, it honestly interests us little: we hope, obviously, that the accusations against the merchant were false, and that he then returned to Turkish territory to celebrate with his Muslim relatives.”²⁴

Niccolo Dentali (Nikollë Dentali?)

“On the evening of 9 October 1580 Niccolò Dentali, naval armourer of Cattaro, was calmly strolling through the streets of the city. He was certainly one of the most prominent characters in the entire Albanian capital: from a Perastina family and head of the sailors’ brotherhood, Niccolò had spent the evening at the home of Trifone Palma, a member of one of the oldest families of the city’s class. Dentali’s morning had started badly: as he often did, he had gone to the Beccherie, just outside the walls, where most of the trade with Turkish merchants and subjects was concentrated. Here he immediately came to terms with Vincenzo Bucchia, a nobleman, over some issues of duties: a clash that seemed all the more significant since Bucchia had been banned three times from the territories of Venetian Albania, the last time for about twenty years.”²⁵

Albanian nobleman Marco Samueli of 1583

“In 1583 the first proposal for the conquest of Albania was presented to the papal curia by Marco Samueli, a native of Antivari: despite the poor feasibility of the operation, it seems that some suggestions given by the Albanian noble, first of all the necessary direct involvement of the monarchy Spanish, were in fact accepted by the papal court.”²⁶

Neapolitan agent Antonio Petcovic and the Albanian Alessandro Pastrovich (alb. Aleksander Pastrovi)

“In other cases the competition highlighted the differences between communities and was grafted onto ancient community enmities. In a letter to the council of Budva, the Neapolitan agent Antonio Petcovich had complained about the behavior of another Albanian, Alessandro Pastrovich, who had presented false letters and documents against him to the Viceroy due to the enmity between the communities .

The exchange of insults that followed the accusations deserves to be reported: That the said Alexandro began to praise, that Pastrovichi are more noble, and older and that they live on their own income, and showed the same privileges of Pastrovichi, and that in Budva no there is no one who lives from their income, but who wanders around Albania here and there to earn a piece of bread, I couldn’t help but answer them because I told them that Buduans are more noble than pastoralists, and that in Budua all the Nobles go to the Council, and they vote like the Roman Senate and that of Venice, and they don’t go to the Council under the trees like peasants who plow, and hoe like the Pastrovichi”²⁷

Albanians Nicolo di Andrea, Teodoro from Scutari, Nicolo da Drivasto and Antonio Saraco.

” … Nicolò di Andrea of ​​Albania is chaplain at San Cipriano di Murano. In 1420 the parish priest Teodoro from Scutari (or from Durazzo) died in San Simeon Grande; Nicolò da Drivasto had been parish priest in the same church in 1402. In 1464 in San Bortolomio the parish priest was Antonio Saraco, Albanian; Marco Saraco will later also be in the same church, precisely in 1495: in Son Moisè from 1449 to … “²⁸

Albanian spy Marco Calato (alb. Mark Kalata) who was captured in the 1590s

“Giacomo lo Retundo reports how he, and three other non-renegade slaves, gave 600 ducats to the Albanian Marco Calato, a spy for King Philip, i.e. for Philip II. Calato has nine other slaves with him. Partly
on horseback and partly on foot, the small group sets off, but is
captured by a team of Hungarian Turks and the dream ends there for
the moment.”²⁹

Nicolaus Masius (alb. Nikollë Mazi Polledro)

“Now the number of the knights in helmets and the helmeted men of the Epirotic type of lighter armor, who were pelted, filled the sum of fifty. These were commanded by Nicolaus Masius and Nauplio in the Peloponnese, a man exceedingly strong, whose surname was Polledro in the Epirotic language … “³⁰

Albanian soldier Gegho Bardi (Alb. Geg Bardhi) in 1646

“… In some instances the individual identification of soldiers such as Gegho Bardi Albanese can be found, who, during the Candian War served in Šibenik as a member of truppe Albanese”³¹

Captain Giorgio Bozzari (alb. Gjergj Bocari) and Bubdolina d’Idra in 1822

“… Captain Giorgio Bozzari, and Bubdolina d’Idra who, as new Amazons, brought terror and death among the Turks. It was the heroic Sellis which, accustomed for centuries to being free and independent, raised, in 14, THE ALBANIANS…”³²

Albanian Antonio Murani (1790-1864) a native of Scutari

“At 9 pm on May 5th, Antonio Murani ( a native of Scutari, Albania, aged 74, after a short illness in a Christian manner, died, leaving his children and relatives immersed in the deepest pain and giving the sad announcement.”³³

Catholic Albanians registered in 1852

Suggi Giovanni Albanese di Codelli, Michele Summa di Craina (Michelle Sume of Krajë), Babbi Angelo di Sapa, Giovanni Spattari Albanese di Scodra, Paolo Beriscia Albanese di Preserendi (Pal Berisha of Prizren), Paolo Dodmassei Albanese di Scodra (Pal Dodmazaj of Shkodër).³⁴

Albanian Marino Becichemo Taraboshi, native of Scutari, in 1796

“Becichemo Marino, native of Scutari in Dalmatia, held school in Venice, Padua and Brescia – See Apostolo Zeno Diss Voss Tom II page 404 Tiraboschi History of Italian Literature Venice 1796 volume VI part III page 990.”³⁵

Albanian spy Marco Catigi (alb. Mark Katiqi) in service of the Inquisitors

“Between 1608 and 1619 and between 1681 and 1711 the Inquisitors managed to place a confidant in the nunciature: in the first years after the Interdict, when the Albanian Marco Catigi operated, go and in the early eighteenth century, the spy made a detailed weekly or even daily report of the news from Rome, of the frequent volumes from the pada graduates donlipendali to the news from the cultural life.”³⁶

Albanian native of Corfu Spiro Lazari in 1715

“The task of finding spies in Türkiye was given in November 1715
also, in the first instance, to the general administrator of the islands, who may make use of merchants and commercial delivery lines as usual Smyrna-Livorno; 70 during the Turkish siege of Corfu the Albanian native Spiro Lazari puts himself at the service of the enemies to spy for the Venetians but, betrayed by a priest, he is mutilated and beheaded.”³⁷

Albanians Michael Duracino (Mihel Duraci) Carulo Fortebrazi (Karl Fortbrezi) and Albanian Angelo in 1375

“It is possible that the Michael Duracino to whom a pension was granted for having been wounded by the Genoese and captured during the operations against Zara, was an Albanian. More certain is the case of the 2 Albanenses provisionati cum magistro comite Carulo Fortebrazi, or that of the Albanian Angelo, a former Venetian mercenary in Padua. This proves in any case that Albanians served in the Venetian army outside Albania itself or regions with a large Albanian population.”³⁸

Albanians Nicolas de Scutari (Nikollë Shkodrani) and Johannes de Drivasto (Gjon of Drishtë) and Johannes Durazino (Gjon of Durrës)

“The soldier Michael Duracino, the sailor Nicolas de Scutari (Nikolë Shkodrani) are both from confinio Sancti Petri de Castello, that isolated church far east of the sestier and the city itself and to which the priest Johannes de Drivasto was attached. Likewise, the barber Johannes Durazino was an inhabitant of confinio Sancti Severi, a parish that has now disappeared … “

Albanian Dominicus Duracino (Dominikë of Durrës)

“Dominicus Duracino, ship’s skipper to whom a trial was brought on April 27, 1383 for having let escape a prisoner whom he was supposed to take from Coron to Venice, were they Albanians, Italians or Greeks?”³⁹

Albanian Anthonius de Dulcigno (Anton of Ulqin) in 1388

“… Lord of Pesaro, demands compensation of 250 ducats for Anthonius de Dulcigno, subditus noster who, around 1388, transported 100 Albanians from Durazzo to Venice during a stopover in Pesaro, the prince’s soldiers had chased all the Albanians from the boat where they were, the unfortunate Anthonius not being able to find a single one. This traffic is suspicious in more than one way: the contemptuous way in which Albanians are spoken of is already significant in itself. But above all, we learn … “⁴⁰

Albanian Dimitrius of Durachio (Dhimitër of Durrës) in 1404

“But not all Albanians were in the service of the Commune.
There were also self-employed craftsmen. The functions of baker
seem to have been particularly sought after by them in 1404, a
baker from Albania, Dimitrius of Durachio, installed near Rialto,
sold breads which did not reach the legal weight when questioned
by an officer of the Camera frumenti, and after first trying to … “⁴¹

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