Written by Ndue Bacaj. Translated and re-published by Petrit Latifi.

Podgorica, like many other areas of Montenegro, have been from thousands of years ago until the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, an ethnic Illyrian-Albanian area, when the violence of the robbery of the Albanian areas by the late Slavic descendants took and the “blessing” of old Europe… He received the “blessing” with the “excuse” without justification, that these lands “belonged” to the Turkish-Ottoman empire, which had occupied the Balkans and Albania for centuries and for the fault of Europe itself.

The Turkish-Ottoman Empire as a centuries-old conqueror in the 19th century, it had begun its irrevocable decline, where in order to save what it could from itself, it was ready to mercilessly “forgive” the Albanian lands. One of these merciless “forgives” is Podgorica, the follower and inheritor of the Illyrian-Albanian civilizations and buildings, of the Illyrian tribes of Labeats and Diokleates, of cities and urbanized and fortified centers of Diocles, Berziminium, Ribnica and up to Podgorica itself.

In order to verify this Illyrian-Albanian history of Podgorica, I thought to refer to researchers, historians, albanologists and prominent activists of “letters” in this field, (mostly foreigners), who have had no interest in reasons to falsify the history of Albanian ethnic lands in their works, before their personality as undisputed researchers, historians and albanologists, known and appreciated by personalities, academies and prestigious international institutions in this field.

I thought to start this “work” with a study entitled: Shkodra and its provinces in the Middle Ages, published in 1916 by the historian, researcher and very good connoisseur of the history of the Balkans, Prof. Dr. Konstantin Jireçek, from whom we quote: “Diocles’ heiress became Ribnica in the 12th century”. Today Ribnica is called the river that flows through the town of Podgorica, and there is no doubt that this town is the old Ribnica.

The name Podgorica is mentioned for the first time in the oldest notary book of the court of Kotor, in which leather merchants and shoemakers from Podgorica appear (year 1330). It is related to the names of the zhupas of that time; on the eastern side of the lake was Zhupa e Gore (of Mali) mentioned by Presbyter Diocleas and the documents of Zhiça (1220), later among the documents of Prizren at the time of Tsar Stefan (1348) and in the Venetian cadastre of Shkodra in 1416, the province of Podgora (Nënmal).

Still in 1448, a voivode of Despot Gjergj Fisnik had his headquarters in Podgorica… The city quickly fell under the control of Venice, but after a few years we find the Turks there, who held it until 1877″.

If the historian Prof. Dr. Konstantin Jireçek describes Podgorica as the inheritor of the Illyrian city named after the river Ribnica, the prominent Croatian researcher and albanologist Dr. Milan Shuflaj, in his research work in 1924, when he writes about the ancient Illyrian city of Diocles, among other things, “asserts” that the ancient Illyrian city Berziminium, (today) is inherited from the city of Podgorica.

For this we quote Shuflaj: “The road the great military Dyrrhachium-Salona did not affect this city; a secondary road connected the town of Berziminium (Berzumno, today Podgorica) with that main road. We do not know how big the city circuit was. Necropolises were located in the south and northwest. Although the city was located at the mouth of two rivers that had crystal clear water, and although there were also good springs in its vicinity, the Romans had taken the water of the spring of Cijevna (Cemi), which was much further away, and had brought it to city.

The aqueduct would also serve Berziminium; it was simultaneously used as a bridge to cross Moraca”. While the researcher and Consul of France in Shkodër, Louis Hyacinthe Hecquard (1814-1866), (Knight of the Legion of Honor of France), in a work of his considered and evaluated as a historical, encyclopedic and scholarly work for a longer time later, among other things, he writes:

“The provinces and municipalities (nahijes and bajraks) that together form the Shkodra pashalak are almost all named after the city or village where their mayor (mudiri) lives; they are divided as follows: City of Shkodra and its surroundings (Nahia e Shkodra); the province of Tivari (Nahia e Tivari); Province of Ulcin (Nahia e Ulcin); the province of Lezha (Nahia Lesises); the province of Podgorica, which includes Zhabjak and Shpuza (Nahia Spuz e Podgorica); the province of Gucia and Plava (Nahia e Gucia); and finally the province of Bjelopoj (Nahia e Bielopoj)”.

On the banks of Ribnica, a small river that flows not far from it in Moraca, there is Podgorica, the capital of the province, the residence of a mudiri (governor) and a kadi… Podgorica was founded in the XV century by order of Sultan Mehmetitt II. on the ruins of Ancient Diocles and not far from the location of this city, which, according to Colonel Kovaleski, lay in the place where Duklja (Dukla) is today, a small village in the northwest of Podgorica, an hour away from it.

This explorer found columns that were still standing, gates with Latin inscriptions and traces of the ancient surrounding walls. Podgorica, built according to an irregular plan, is surrounded by a battlement wall that connects it to the fortress located on a small hill. The fortress, whose walls are collapsing, is surrounded by a moat eight meters wide and three meters deep, which is filled with water only in the evening. For several years, it serves as a garrison for a troop of regular soldiers, whose armaments, in a state of readiness after the last war with Montenegro, consist of eight cannons and two mortars.

As we quoted above, Hekardi in his work after “defining” the location of Podgoris also qualifies the “founder” and the time of its foundation, asserting that Podgorica was founded on the ruins of Ancient Diocles. An Italian researcher (Ermanno Armao) when referring to the history of Podgorica, referring to other researchers, writes: “While Hecquard claims that Podgorica was founded in the 15th century by order of Mehmet II, the conqueror of northern Albania ( died in 1481), Thalloczy and Baldaçi, without mentioning the sources, take the origins of the city to the early Middle Ages, according to Jirecek, Podgorica is mentioned for the first time in 1330.

Now we know it from Coronelli (XVII century cartographer. N.B. ) that Podgorica was founded by Tugemir or Tihomir, prince of Zeta, brother of Stefan Nemaja “Zhupan” of Serbia, ruler of his states between 1169 and 1171, while he was a prisoner of the Byzantines in Constantinople. It has replaced the now extinct village of Ribnica… Podgorica with its 8000 inhabitants is today (it is about the years 1928-1932 when Armao visited the wider Shkodra, N.B.) one of the main cities of Montenegro, which was annexed in 1878 , thus ending the long Turkish rule.

It is located between the Moraça and Ribnica rivers, about 20 km from Shkodra lake, which is joined by a small railway. Albanian is still spoken there despite the 54 years of Slavic rule and a departure from the country of a large number of Albanian Muslims who were drawn to Tuz, which remained in Turkey until 1912″. The French researcher (Hecquard) in his work describes in more detail the city and some of its construction works, from which I thought to quote:

“The city – with narrow, winding and dirty streets, is divided into two neighborhoods, one called Mjeka (Miechia) and the other Varosh. Among them is the bazaar, formed by three hundred and fifty shops. There, every Sunday, the bazaar takes place, where the inhabitants of the neighboring mountains come, and when Podgorica is not at war with Montenegro, the inhabitants of Piper and Kuč also come”.

While a geographer and researcher, in 1898, (in Albanian Travels), would describe Podgorica:

“Podgorica, which in our language means “under the hill”, was before the last war, a fortified square Turkish rule towards Montenegro, the vanguard of Shkodra in the valley of Moracia and Zeta and it was an entirely Albanian city. It is now the capital of Zeta and the largest and most important center of Montenegro. City with lively trade, built to the right of Moraçia and on both banks of Ribnica, which is a branch of Moraçia. Podgorica derives a large part of its resources from the rich trade that takes place there, and from its relations with Shkodra and the sea”.

Mosques and churches

Like all other cities of Upper Albania, Podgorica does not have any mosques that stand out. The Orthodox Slavs, although numerous in number, have not managed to get permission to build a church; the church they once had was located outside the city, not far from the hill of Gorica. It was built on the ruins of the old church of Saint George and was destroyed on May 25, 1855 by the Muslims of Podgorica, encouraged by the sermons of some fanatical ulema and led by their governor Ali Spahiu. When not a single stone was left standing, these infidels attacked the graves and, after taking out the corpses, cut off their heads and stuck them in the graves…

Schools

Two Slavic priestesses, who were hired by the bishop of Prizren and managed this parish and, in a building next to the church, which was also destroyed, opened a school where children benefited from free primary education. The Turks also have three mejtepe little followed and run by ignorant elders.

The province of Podgorica includes the bajrak of Gruda and Tuzi, the bajrak of Zeta, Zhabjak and Fundina, as well as the island of Vranina. According to the Albanians, this province also includes the southern part of the Kuçi tribe. On June 25, 1856, the southern Kučas pushed by the Turks of Podgorica, who hoped that through this war against Montenegro, they would avoid the punishment that threatened them for having destroyed a church, the Kučas, therefore also wanting to their attacks are forgiven last time against Gruda, they attacked the village of Bratonosic that belonged to the Montenegrin Kuchas, burned ten houses, killed three men and injured five others.

In Podgorica, the Christians, together with the nizamin (fixed tax of 500 piastres…), also pay the maktumin so that they are not forced to take up arms when the country is at enmity with Montenegro. Podgorica fell under Montenegro in the last Turkish-Russian war (in 1877), the Montenegrins took Podorica including Triesh (Triepsh).

Data for residents of Podgorica

In the registration book of the Sanjak of Shkodra from 1485 (compiled by the Turkish-Ottoman conqueror), Podgorica is marked as Nahija e Podgorica, which included: the village of Podgorica with the names of 40 household heads or 40 households (and income), all names of the heads of the family are of the Christian faith with an Orthodox “sound”.

Depending on the nahija of Potgorica, the villages of Kurile, Varoshi of the castle of Zhabjaku are also marked, with the names of 30 heads of families or 30 houses, (all of which were of the Christian faith with an orthodox “sound” N.B.. And the village of Medon, which depends on the castle of Meduni in Podgorica, the names of 15 heads of families are recorded here (all of them of the Orthodox faith in the year 1582). (by the Turkish-Ottoman conqueror), for Podgorica we found a population that “summarized” in 167 houses and 27 singles of the Christian faith, and 94 Muslim houses. 13.

It is worth mentioning that Podgorica was the place where the population had embraced the faith the conquerors more than any other country. The group that was part of this Nahije had 134 houses and 33 bachelors of the Christian faith and only 4 houses that had become Muslims. An interesting description of Podgorica was made in 1662 by the Turkish chronicler Evlija Çelebiu, who others would write:

“…When we left Shkodra, we traveled in the direction of the west through a mountainous terrain (kara daglig) and after … hours we arrived at the fortress of Podgorica, which is located at the edge of the border area. The name is Albanian in the quote… It was built by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (Fatihu) in the year 883 (1478), when he took the fortress of Shkodra, with the aim of protecting the latter from the Albanian pirates and the Venetian infidels. It is a quadrangular structure of solid stone and thick walls, raised on a rocky area called Black Mountain (Kara Dag), and has towers, protective ramparts, serrated battlements, a single gate, and an open moat. on the rock. Inside the Castle are Dizdari and the garrison of 700 troops…. Podgorica is governed by a subash and was part of the Sanjak of Shkodra. Apart from the sub-districts that depend on the surrounding villages, there are no other officials. Inside the castle there are 300 small houses, a mosque of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, a greenhouse, grain barns, artillery ammunition depots, and water cisterns. There are no other public buildings, be it inns, madrasahs, hammams, or bezistans. “

While the French researcher and consul (Hecquardi) in Shkodër in 1851-55 would note that Podgorica has 950 houses, 630 houses inhabited by Muslims and 270 by Orthodox. , the population reaches 6540 inhabitants. Podgorica is located in the middle of a field and its name, which in the Slavic language under the hill, can only be explained by its location not far from the low mountain of Gorica.

(Hecquard, when they divided the houses of Podgorica according to beliefs, I left 50 houses, which I think belong to the Catholic faith N.B.) A valuable source for the Albanian population of some ethnic Albanian cities, but now occupied by Slavs, is also the study and description what happened to these cities Prof. Antonio Baldaçi from whom we quote:

“The cities of Skopje, Kalkandela, Gostivar, Struga, Ohrid and Dibra are very strong Albanian centers and the city of Manastir itself (Bitola) has a large number of Albanian colonies. In the borders of the vanished kingdom of Maili te Zi, Gjakova and Peja, there is nothing but the Albanian center, while the regions of Gruda and Plava and the cities of Podgorica, Ulcinj and Tivar with their surroundings contain Albanian concentrations. With the tribes of the Montenegrin mountains, such as Hoti, Gruda, Trieshi, the Albanian population of old Montenegro amounts to 150 thousand people. “

The Yugoslav statistics themselves (from 1921) give for Montenegro (at least the one that was with the Berlin treaty, that is, without the territory occupied in the Balkan war) 16,826 Albanian speakers in a total population of 199,857 inhabitants. These Albanian speakers are numerically superior in Tivar (11,283 inhabitants), in Podgorica (4,764 inhabitants), in Ulcinj (3,344 inhabitants), in Andrievica (771 inhabitants), in Cetina (217 inhabitants)”.

An interesting panorama is also given by the well-known English researcher Edith Durham, who has visited and closely observed the wider Albanian territory, those of the north, when she writes:

“August of 1900. I was in Cetinje, and here for the first time I have a thread of the Balkan thread… At that time Cetina was a village with red roofs and stood out clearly in the middle of a fields surrounded by mountains. Most of the huts were shacks, and about three thousand people lived in them. From Cetina we went to Podgorica, where I saw Albanians for the first time. Podgorica was full of Albanians, all dressed in national costumes, although until that time Montenegro had not made much effort to stop such a thing…”.

A few words about the population of Podgorica today

In 1948 Podgorcia (city) had 14,369 inhabitants, while in 1991 the number of inhabitants had reached 117,185 inhabitants. A statistic from the year 2003 records for Podgorica 136,473 inhabitants, where from this statistic 9296 Albanian inhabitants are registered, or about 5.5% of the general population. According to the population census of 2011, 150 thousand 977 inhabitants live in the city of Podgorica, where only 1404 are declared Albanians or a little more than 1% of the inhabitants of Podgorica.

Etymological analysis

An interesting etymological analysis of the toponymy of Podgorica and the toponyms on which Podgorica is built was made by the Albanian researcher Preloc Margilaj in an interesting book of his, so I thought to quote it as follows:

“Podgorica – Slavic word Pod, Goric- from the Illyrian-Albanian word gur-i.” According to the chronicle: Birzimino, Burzum. City in the plain of Cemi – Montenegro, lies in the Ribnica river delta in Moraca, not far from the ancient city of Dioclea. The old bazaar of Podgorica stands above the old town of Birzimun, which the Romans, foreigners and local residents called it. In fact, the earliest city was called Alatë.

Etymological analysis (Birzimino) – The toponym is a composition of the words bira (hole-a) + i, e zi, black. Close to the flow of Ribnica in Moraçë, at the end of the river there are water glasses (holes, deep caves) that the people still call rape-pits and precisely there on both banks of the river the urbanization of the city began. Bir/a – hole, cave + black black. From the depth of the holes (rapes), the water changes from blue to black.

Bir-zi – are words with the semantic meaning of the Albanian language, while the suffix mini serves to form the name of the toponym Birzimin. As it is known according to the geographical position, Podgorica is located in the seismological terrain, so in the past, frequent tectonic processes have changed the surface relief and created the Ribnica river valley with rapa (holes) of unknown depth. Alata – the oldest name of the river Ribnica that flows through the city of Podgorica.

Immigrants from Podgorica in Shkodër

Even today in Shkodër and its surroundings there are residents and families who are known by the “identity” of Podgorica. This “identity” itself shows that they originate from Podgorica. The people of Podgorica as a national identity are generally known as Malazez (orthodox Islamized during the Turkish-Ottoman occupation). Despite this Montenegrin identity, there are also families from Podgorica that have Albanian origins.

As it is known, the Turkish-Ottoman conqueror had the Christian-Catholic Albanians as their main enemies, while Orthodoxy not long after the conquest submitted and with its own “tricks” managed to become an ally of the Turkish conquerors, often in the war against the Christian-Catholic Albanians. The Turks had as their goal not only the subjugation of the Catholic Albanians, but the annihilation of their faith. In the conditions of the resistance of the Catholic population to preserve the religion and identity of their ancestors, the Turkish invaders “tolerated” the Albanian Catholics (mainly those from the north of Albania), that if they did not want to become Muslims (or Turks as they were called at that time) could become Orthodox, and “enter” under the umbrella of the Orthodox Church.

In these conditions, there were quite a few Albanians who, after embracing the Christian-Orthodox faith and coming under the Orthodox Church, gradually lost their nationality, and today they are identified as Slavs, Montenegrins or Serbs… In these conditions, it seems that even the Catholics of Podgorica and its surroundings , became Orthodox with the “excuse” that this is also a Christian faith, but later for economic reasons and other privileges, they left Orthodoxy and embraced the Islamic religion of the Turkish-Ottoman invaders.

When the Turkish-Ottoman conqueror began to take the land without return, the people of Podgorica found themselves unprotected by the Montenegrin and Serbian Slavs, who had now gained not the autonomy they had long sought, but independence. In these conditions, the Orthodox Slavs who had robbed Albanian territory (even with the blessing of old Europe), began reprisals and even ethnic cleansing by the Muslim Albanians of Podgorica and the wider, Slavized and then “Turkized”.

According to a well-known Shkodra researcher from the door of Bushatëlinjë, Podgorica people immigrated to Shkodër in four “periullas”:

I-During the rule of the Bushatlins,

II-After the Congress of Berlin,

III-During the First World War,

IV-During World War II.

For some families from Podgorica who moved to Shkodër before the invasion of Podgorica from Montenegro, no fixed motive can be determined; they emigrated for blood, or as employees for profit purposes. The heavy emigration of that population started after the Montenegrin invasion in 1880, because they were afraid of the persecutions of the Montenegrins, with the aim of exterminating the Muslims, even when they shared a common language and nationality. In addition to the hatred against the Muslims of all the countries occupied by them, such as Podgorica, Shpuza, Nikshiqi, etc., the Montenegrins also acted with the intention of revenge against them as well as against the Albanians, because together they had fought with them many times by pouring rivers blood until recently, as long as the Montenegrins have not stopped looting, massacring and destroying the Albanian border countries hundreds of times”.

Podgorica and its museums:

Podgorica, like every urban center, has tried to memorize its history in its own museums… Here I thought only to present as a “list” the main museums of Podgorica, without analyzing what these museums contain and convey… which anyone “interested” can visit them:

The Podgorica City Museum (Muzej grada Podgorice) preserves the rich heritage of Podgorica. Founded in 1950, it is divided into four categories: archaeology, ethnography, history and cultural-historical. It preserves objects dating from the Illyrian-Roman period

The Archaeological Research Center (Centar za arheološka istražija) was founded in 1961. Its mission is to collect, classify, restore and display archaeological sites.

The Museum of Marko Miljanov (Muzej Marka Miljanova) in Medun shows the life in Montenegro during the 9th century. It is the most important memorial museum of Montenegro…

Museum of Natural History (Prirodnjački muzej).

Podgorica and the Albanians

Podgorica is “connected” by the history of the thousand-year-old Illyrian-Albanian autochthony of these lands, and the Illyrian-Albanian heritage of the developed and urbanized Illyrian cities and centers such as Dioklea, Ribnica and Berziminio, on which the old and modern Podgorica was built. re… We are also “connected” to Podgorica by a series of historical events in our struggle and efforts for freedom, independence and identity.

Here I thought to remember only two that “resemble” me as the most significant, and have Podgorica as their “surname”. First, the Assembly of Podgorica, where on April 1-2, 1786, the Illyrian confederation with many ethnic borders was announced. Kara Mahmud Pasha Bushatliu, who according to Pukvil was considered a successor and follower of Skanderbeg’s footsteps, that is, as the leader of the war for liberation from the Turkish yoke, would gather all the Albanian princes, Christians and Muslims in Podgorica, who swore an oath to jointly on the Gospel and the Koran that they would fight to the death against the enemies of freedom.

This was an important step as Christian and Muslim Albanians were joining forces against the Turks. Their desire for freedom transcended religious differences. In that historic assembly, a senator from Ragusa came to congratulate Mahmud, while Joseph II (of Austria) sent him a large silver cross with a cermon. Secondly, in the stormy years 1910-1911, in the Potgorica of the time (even though this time had passed under Montenegro), by the violence and repression of the Ottomans, men and families from the most centrist and nationalists of Albania were forced to take shelter as immigrants.

In these difficult conditions, the Mountaineers sheltered in Montenegro, together with Shkodran, Shaljan and Shoshjan and beyond, created the Committee of the Uprising, known in history as the Committee of Potgorica, with Sokol Baci, Ded Gjon Lulin, Gjon Nikë Pllucin . Viripazar, Tivar, Kotor and beyond.

At that time there were Albanians from Shkodra who still had their commercial activities in Podgorica, as well as mejhanas as they were called then, where Albanian patriots had often put them at the disposal of the Albanian cause, mainly against the Turkish invaders… While during the brutal communist regime in Albania, in the highlands with Montenegro, somehow attracted us to the more liberal Montenegrin media of Podgorica in films, sports and various cultural programs. Watching TV, but also listening to the radio (then with the “Titograd surname”), was not easy, as the communist party and government in Albania would condemn you if you were caught watching TV or listening to Titograd’s radio.

However, these media were secretly were “frequented” by many mountaineers, especially in those minutes that were given in the Albanian language, regardless of the fact that they also contained Albanian anti-communist propaganda… However, today the media of Podgorica and Montenegro (public and private) are watched and not watched.

In 1946, Podgorica was given the name “Titograd” (Tito’s city), a name (more precisely, a homonym) that it received after the Communists came to power in Yugoslavia, led by Tito. It kept the homonym Titograd until 1992, when it was replaced with the “old” toponym Podgorica. Today, Podgorica is the capital of Montenegro, whether we like it or not, history has left us as neighbors forever. They say that a good neighbor is like a brother who does not ask for shares, in fact this neighbor has received many “shares” that do not belong to her from our ethnic lands, one of these “shares” is Podgorica, the history of which I tried to present “simply” not to forget that today’s capital of Montenegro has been from the beginning of life in these lands, only Illyrian-Albanian and never Slavic.

References

1. Illyrian-Albanian observations, compiled by Dr. Ludwig Von Thall
2. oczy, translated into Albanian by Mustafa Merlika-Kruja, pg. 112, Shkodër 2004.
3. Milan Shuflaj; Cities and Castles of Albania, Mainly in the Middle Ages, pg.31, Onufri publishing house, 2009.
4. Louis Hyacinthe Hecquard (1814-1866), French Consul in Shkodër, Knight of the Legion of Honor, History and description of Upper Albania or Gegëria, pg. 33, Plejad 2008.
5. Hecquard, ibid…pp. 87-88.
6. Ermanno Armao, Places, churches, rivers, mountains and different toponyms of an ancient map of Northern Albania, pp. 102-103, Tirana: Korbi publications 2006, according to the 1933 edition in Rome.
7. Hecquard, ibid… pg.88.
8. Antonio Baldacci, Albanian Travels 1892-902, pg. 160, Argeta LMG, Tirana 2004.
9. Hecquard, ibid…pp. 88-90.
10. Hecquard, ibid… pg. 102.
11. H. Hecquard, ibid., p. 328.
12. Prof. Antionio Baldacci; Shqiperia e Madhe, pg. 256, sb “Eugen”, Tirana 2006.
13. The Register of the Sanjak of Shkodra from the year 1485, pp. 134-135. Academy of Sciences of R.P. of Albania Presentation, introduction, transliteration, translation and comments by Selami Pulaha, Tirana 197).
14. Huta progress; The village in Sanxhak of Shkodra in the XV-XVI centuries, pp. 154-155, Tirana 1990.
15. Evlija Çelebiu in Albania and neighboring countries: Kosovo, Montenegro, Ohrid, based on the autograph manuscript, perg. By Robert Elsie, pp. 34-36, shpb “55”, Tirana 2008.
16. Hequard, ibid… pg. 87.
17. Antonio Baldaçi; Great Albania, page 265.
18. Edith Durham, The Trouble with the Balkans and Other Works on Albania and the Albanians, pp. 318-319.
19. Statistical factory Crn Gore-MONSTAT.
20. https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgorica.
21. Preloc Margilaj; Illyrians speak Albanian – Albanians speak Illyrian, pp. 86-87, Podgorica 2000.
22. Preloc Margilaj, ibid. p. 132.
23. Hamdi Bushati; Shkodra and the Seasons, tradition, events, people, Volume II, pp. 309-312, “Idromeno”, Shkodra 1999.
24. https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgorica.
25. State University of Tirana, Institute of History, Stavri Naçi, Pashalleku of Shkodra under the rule of the Bushatlivi, pg. 175, Tirana 1964.
26. Edwin Jacques, The Albanians, the history of the Albanian people from antiquity to the present day, pg. 282.
27. Lulash N. Palushaj; Highlands and its tribes, the first part, pp. 162-163, Lezhë 1996