Written by Fatbardha Demi. Translation by Petrit Latifi
“Several generations of Albanians must die so that they can forget what the Serbs did to them.” – “Radničke novine”, Belgrade, October 22, 1913.
Historically, the rape of women during wars of conquest was considered a “trophy” and “right” of the victor, and has been treated as such until modern times. “Despite the evidence of sexual violence during World War II,” says Anne Marie de Brower, a researcher at Tilburg University in Norway, “the lack of desire to punish this type of crime led to the non-prosecution of the perpetrators at the Nuremberg Trials.” (1)
The same fact is also confirmed by Judge Richard Goldston, prosecutor at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, who said that “the international community has never been interested in the crime of rape.” (2) However, since 1948, the rape of women during armed conflicts has been included in the crime of genocide (“Convention on the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide” of the UN General Assembly on 1948) In the third chapter of this Convention (points “d” and “e”), collaboration and attempt to commit genocide were also included as crimes of genocide. ( 3)
In the statements of political representatives and in the mass media, it is insisted that with the creation and enrichment of state and international institutions with numerous laws and measures against various types of crime, in the century we left behind, European society has developed towards a more humanitarian worldview.
But according to the UN Statistics Office (v.2000) it is proven that in the 20th century, while in World War I only 5% were victims from the civilian population, in World War II it reached 52% and in 1991, 90% of the victims were from the population that was not a party to the fighting. (4)
It is also noted that, not only the number of civilian victims has escalated, but also the increase in the types and brutality of crimes, compared to all eras of human history.
For this reason, scholars have defined the 20th century as the “century of genocides”. (5) The truth of this fact was proven by the activity of the former Yugoslav state, which closed this century with a bloody genocide where 80% of the civilian victims in Kosovo were women and children. (6) Modern European and world society had the opportunity to see to what extent human degradation can reach a state and a people.
I say “opportunity” because, in European and world opinion, very little was known about what happened, especially about Albanian women. The testimonies of living victims (but also dead and missing) prove that even after 68 years of the capitulation of Nazism, its ideological and institutional roots continue to survive in 21st century Europe.
Serbian soldiers rape of Albanian women
R.N. from Prishtina, at the end of the war, was found tied up in the Law Faculty bar. She recalls: “One of the militiamen slapped me and immediately blood spurted from my cut lips. The other one put his finger to my lips, smeared it with blood and said: “It seems that all Albanians have sweet blood and I will taste it all with this knife… I, Nenad Stojanović, will leave you a memory for the rest of your life.
He brought his cigarette to my breasts and put it out there. In a few hours he extinguished more than a pack of cigarettes… I don’t know how many men have played with my body, even today, I have hundreds of cigarette and knife wounds. (7)
Accounts of rape cases
Ahmet Grajqevci (chairman of the association for the investigation of crimes during the war and missing persons 1998-1999.): In the factory buildings, in the houses, courtyards, in the Pristina hospital, murders, rapes were committed and witnesses even talk about autopsies of living people.
On 27.03.1999 Servete Halimaj from the village of Shkabaj Dardhiç, pregnant with twins, had given birth their first child and named her Fitore. At this time, the criminals came in to evict them and saw that she was in labor and told her that she was not going to give birth… She replied that my sisters were going to be born… we found her body butchered with her hands cut off. We do not know what happened to the twins. (8)
Serbs transporting bodies to the Trepca mining complex
On January 25, 2001, a radio broadcast of a documentary on the United States National Public Radio, entitled “Covering up the Crime,” showed that Serbian and Yugoslav forces were systematically transporting the bodies of killed Albanians to the Trepca mining complex near Mitrovica, where they were turned into ashes.
According to the report, which cited Serbian fighters and “a well-informed Serbian intelligence official,” 1,200–1,500 bodies were cremated at Trepca… Men suspected of links to the KLA were killed on the spot. A such suspicion could sometimes be based simply on the fact that someone was the age of a fighter. (9)
Serbian police burning the bodies of the Albanian women they raped
Shaip Vrellaku, captured by Serbian forces, claims: “With my own eyes I saw the police burning the girls they had raped at the train station in Gllogovc. Even today I hear those terrible and sad screams of the girls who were burning. (10)
Why the sexual rape of Albanian women is the most serious criminal act of the Kosovo war?
First: Because this act of the Serbian forces was not the only one carried out on the victims, but was accompanied by other crimes named and condemned by the International Conventions as “War Crimes” and “Crimes against Humanity”. For this reason, the authors, creators and collaborators in the crime of sexual rape should not only be treated within the framework of war crimes, but should have the greatest weight of punishment, in terms of the purpose and manner of its commission.
Second: It served as a means of war during the conflict. The events that occurred in Kosovo proved that the rape of women was used as one of the weapons of extermination and mass destruction of the civilian population, equivalent to military, chemical and other types of weapons. Angela Minzoni-Deroche calls it “a way of fighting” (11).
Even the International Human Rights Organization (Amnesty International) has claimed that sexual violence today is used deliberately, as a military strategy, in comparison to similar cases in previous centuries (12). As was also proven in Bosnia, sexual violence during the armed conflict was ordered by the Serbian command as part of a strategy of ethnic cleansing, to force the population to leave the country and their homes. (13)
Serbian criminals used sexual violence and the killing of victims, even to poison the water of wells. “In a village in the Drenica region, eight women were raped, killed and thrown into a well. (14)
Third: It was used with the consequences (for which it was planned) in mind even after the end of the war. The victims (mothers, wives, sisters, daughters, children) continue to live with the crime and its physical and psychological consequences.
Serbian psyhological warfare against the Albanian woman
They lose the ability to live normally, directly affecting the mental and physical health of the next generation, the family circle and reducing the morale and strength to cope with the consequences as well as the vision for the future in the society in which they live. By hitting the Albanian woman, not only the Kosovo of the war was hit, but also the state of Kosovo after the war.
Sexual violence being a well-known phenomenon of society even in peacetime, Numerous studies have been conducted on the causes and consequences of this criminal act. Studies have shown that:
– 1/3 of victims suffer from severe depression for a period of time and 17% of them commit suicide.
– They harbor internal resentment and experience feelings of shame and self-blame that prevent them from telling what happened to them and from receiving the necessary medical and forensic help.
– They show a lack of desire to continue their social life and experience difficulties at work.
– They have problems of a sexual nature, etc.
Over time and without the necessary help, the consequences become incurable such as: anxiety, eating disorders, insomnia and reliving the event, serious health conditions or mental illnesses, shame and permanent fear, etc.
In times of war, sexual violence has consequences that are many times more severe than in times of peace. The reason is that the victim, in addition to torture and murder, has experienced severe psychological shock, because the sexual rape was committed by groups of aggressors, in the presence of the closest people and the environment where they live and often repeated over time.
The crime against them is accompanied by the tragedy of the murder or torture of children and their family and in difficult conditions of survival. For these serious consequences for man, for the first time, the International Court (for War Crimes in Rwanda in 1998) convicted the accused (Jean-Paul Akayesu) for genocide, in the exercise of the crime of sexual violence during the armed conflict, with the justification “for the spiritual destruction and desire to live and life itself! ” ( 15)
Albanian women committing suicide after the war
Ahmet Grajqevci testifies that every woman he met, in the end, said to him: “I would rather be dead than alive!..There have been many suicides after the war” (16)
The demasculinization of Albanian society and institutions.
For Albanians, demasculinization is related to their honor and according to the thousand-year-old tradition “the honor of a woman is part of the honor of a man”. (Chapter II Criminal Code in the Kanun, point b, rape of women). This code, which has guided the Albanian nation for centuries, still amazes us today with its justice and impartiality in examining punishable acts within the tribe and outside it.
The Kanun on the case of rape
What punishment was foreseen in the Kanun for sexual violence against women? “If it was known that a woman had been raped, the rapist was prosecuted and punished. Sooner or later, the rapist had to pay, with his own blood, for his act” (17)
Women and girls were considered sacred according to Albanian tradition
The death penalty was not given simply for the momentary act of the “masculine instinct” of the perpetrator, but for the fact that it was committed on the wife, sister and daughter, “sacred” figures for the Albanians. According to the researcher Zef Ahmeti “The power of honor for the Albanian was above the power of the shrine and the state… Honor makes the house, it is said in the canon…”. (ibid.)
Why today I accuse (without generalizing) the society of the Albanians the Kosovo princes for “dehumanization”? Because today, they despised and abandoned the thousand-year-old tradition of “manly honor”, but also the ideal of “humanism” that guides the most advanced European societies. They also abandoned the mother of their children, their sister, their female relatives and, in general, the female victims of the sexual crime of the Serbian hordes and their collaborators.
The Serbian soldiers who committed have not been prosecuted
How is it possible that a society that has felt genocide, contempt and denial of a dignified life for centuries, now that it enjoys civil freedom, despises the female victims of the same blood? The tireless activist in helping victims of sexual violence, Behide Hasanaj, sent me a shocking testimony from one of them:
“I was raped by Serbian forces for three days in a row, my sister too. After they had driven us out of our homes, they robbed us from the column with many other women… Every time we resisted and defended ourselves, they pulled out our teeth and nails, one by one. They forced us to laugh, cut our bodies with knives and threatened to gouge out our eyes. They have massacred us alive, how could it be worse. They have cut off our chests and breasts… Oh my, we have no one to trust, no one to talk to. Who would help us? Who would support us? Who would understand us?!” – (sent on 20.07.2013 by Behide Hasanaj)
When I tell Behide that the testimonies she sent me are enough for me, she begs me “wait, wait, listen to this one too…and this one too, I have so many stories that women keep inside their hearts. You can’t imagine what they have gone through and today no one listens to them or sees them”.
The Women’s Non-Governmental Organization “Jeta në Kastriot” alone, led by Luljeta Selimi, has under its care 2,016 Albanian women, raped by Serbian forces. One hundred and twenty-four (124) of them have visible wounds on their bodies (cut breasts, torn fingers, nine have one eye gouged out and sixteen have open wounds on their faces), who are in serious health and psychological condition. ( 18)
In the show « Në qisq…» of March 13, 2013, Nazlie Bala, a women’s rights activist for 23 years, claims that “all institutions have had their doors closed to this crime even though the victims are alive among us. The leaders of the State of Kosovo themselves have treated it as a shame”.
“Honor,” emphasizes researcher Zef Ahmeti, in Albanian customary law is the opposite of shame.
If we compare the “zones” of honor and shame in the canon, it turns out that the space of honor was very narrow and within this space the Albanian man had to create his individuality. This is because the canon contains a long series of prohibitions and taboos that protected man from the “zone of shame.” A society that is indifferent to female victims of sexual violence, that does not punish the perpetrators according to the laws, no longer of the Canon, but of their state and international courts, that looks at them indifferently as they suffer for survival, that does not appreciate their heroic act of experiencing the most serious crime of the war and their perseverance to return to normal life, such a society is precisely “IN THE ZONE OF SHAME”!
This fact is proven by the cases of women sexually raped during the war in Kosovo, who live in Western countries. How is it possible that they have found respect, appreciation and comprehensive support from foreigners, while they were denied by their families (without generalizing), social circle and especially by the institutions of a state for which they “pay” more expensively than their male compatriots?
Ahmet Grajqevci: I raised it in the government. Why is a center with psychologists not formed to deal with these cases, we have such a center in Mitrovica, with a small budget, a reading room, a dining room. No one has ever come to see it. My friends tell me: Leave this business, you shouldn’t be dealing with this. They forget that on the chair they sit, there is the blood and bones of the victims… (19)
The lawyer Sadie Bekiçi, outraged, says: “If the male world, our husbands, fathers, brothers, could not protect us from rape during the war, how can it not protect us after the war?” (20)
The greatest shame and irresponsibility that appears today in Kosovar society is the CONCEALMENT of the crime. This action harms the physical and psychological health of the female victim, because it does not allow her to receive comprehensive help, without which the “post-traumatic” consequences, as doctors emphasize, become more severe and incurable.
Silence leaves the perpetrators free, whom modern society sees as a potential risk for repeating such criminal acts. The concealment of the crime of sexual violence, based on a sick pseudo-morality of Albanian society and the Institutions of the state of Kosovo, has no connection with the Kanun, which punished the perpetrator and not the victim. In an unconscionable way, they become collaborators in the strategy of the Serbian military machine during the war, to strike the Albanian people and the state of Kosovo after its end.
Yes so hostile to Albanian victims is the act of not including in the documentation of war crimes, by the Institute established for this purpose, crimes of sexual violence of which Western States were also aware. Announcements about the existence of rape camps in Kosovo were given during the days of the war by the Government of the United States of America, the British Government and NATO. (21)
Not only is there silence about the sexual rape of Albanian women during the war, but there is no mention of the rape of men either. In a study by Lara Stemple (2009). (“Male Rape and Human Rights”. Hastings Law Journal 60 (3): 605. URL consulted on 17 July 2011.) it is proven that 80% of male prisoners in the Sarajevo camps were raped or tortured sexually.
The author states that “the lack of attention to male sexual abuse during conflicts is particularly worrying, (since it is said to be a very widespread phenomenon)”.(22) So, Albanian men could not have been spared either, by an army that had lost every human trait. It is a manly act and in the honor of every Albanian (female or male), to testify to the criminal acts they experienced on their own body or as witnesses of these acts, in order to make it possible to punish the perpetrators, even on behalf of those who are no longer alive today or have disappeared without a trace.
As a result of the non-commitment on the part of the state institutions of Kosovo, and especially of the Republic of Albania, a member of the UN and signatory to the Conventions on the Rights of Minorities and on War Crimes, international organizations do not recognize as Genocide the crimes against the Albanian population in Kosovo (which also includes sexual violence).
This genocide against Albanians was carried out not only during the last bloody war of Serbian chauvinism (1989-1999), but throughout the entire 20th century, in the space of five Balkan states.
Today, in the legal plan, by the international organizations of the UN, only the following are recognized as genocides of the 20th century: the massacre of the Armenian population by the Ottoman Empire (1915-1916), the ethnic cleansing of the Chechens ordered by Stalin (1944), the Jews by the Nazis (1945), the Tutsi population in Rwanda in 1994, the Muslim population in Srebrenica, by the Yugoslav state (2004) (Genocide-Wikipedia). Here is why we should not remain silent! The blood shed during the 20th century, the last act of which took place in Kosovo, MUST BE RECOGNIZED by world opinion.
A woman raped during the war in Kosovo is a martyr of the dark and criminal forces that continue to threaten and endanger the peaceful future of the Balkans. In order to prevent the repetition of past crimes and to ensure peaceful coexistence between peoples, the creators, drafters and implementers of the strategy of extermination and racism must be punished. This “power of Zeus” is in the hands of the Court.
War Crimes in Kosovo and the International Court
I say “International Court” because in fact, the 14-year biography of the State of Kosovo, for better or worse, has the stamp of internationalism. I do not believe that there is a people as grateful for the help provided by foreign military forces as the Albanians. This gratitude, according to tradition, will be passed down from generation to generation and will occupy a significant place in the history of our Nation, due to the fact that it was the first time, during the past two centuries, that in its efforts against the invaders, it had the help of the Great Powers.
I also believe that there is no more significant expression of how far this people had gone “the knife in the bone” than when it accepted the sacrifice of its civilian compatriots during the NATO bombing. As highlighted in a Human Rights Watch report of February 2000, entitled “Civilian Deaths during the NATO Air Campaign”, the NATO bombing caused around 500 civilian casualties throughout Yugoslavia. 55-60% of these victims were Kosovars (23)
All the sacrifices Albanians have accepted with pride, just to have the same rights and freedoms that other European peoples enjoy. In the name of these “Human Rights”, Albanians demand the punishment of the perpetrators, as for any criminal act against human life (which includes the crime of sexual violence), a demand that lies at the foundation of every Constitution of the EU countries.
Today, both the Albanian people and victims who survived the bloody war, as well as international analysts, admit that in this regard, the judicial system in the state of Kosovo has failed. Legal experts and various analysts list a series of administrative, political and circumstances of the time.
Since the topic I am addressing is related to the most serious phenomenon in Europe since the Second World War, without further ado, I am focusing on the Report “Inhumane Treatment of Persons and Illegal Trafficking in Human Organs in Kosovo” (Doc. 12462, 7 January 2011) by Prosecutor Dick Marty, on behalf of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights.
Why is this report relevant? What is the failure of justice in Kosovo and consequently the non-punishment (among other crimes) of sexual violence against Albanian women, considering the scale and consequences of this crime? Because this legal document of an International Institution reflects some tendencies in the European attitude, activity and ideology towards the “Albanian Issue”, which guided the activity of the judiciary in Kosovo, through UNMIK and today EULEX.
I do not know how a hall filled with politicians and state representatives of the most developed European countries agreed to listen to a report based on a racist platform for the state of Kosovo, its Liberation Army and the panorama of events during the war. As prosecutor Dick Marty himself testifies, his initiative was triggered by the publication of the “memoirs” of the former Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Carla del Ponte (“La caccia – Io e i criminali di guerra”, April 2008) on the “trafficking of organs” of Serbian prisoners.
After pointing out the “mistake” of the NATO bombings, he accuses that: “the efforts to bring to light the facts and to punish war crimes were focused especially in one direction, relying on the implicit presumption that one side was the victims, and the other side, the executioners”.
According to this logic of the international prosecutor, the Nuremberg Tribunal, which judged the crimes of Nazism, also worked unfairly “only in one direction” in punishing the crimes of the Nazis. In fact, there seems to be no difference between these two aggressions, both in terms of purpose, means used and their consequences, except for the geographical area and the conflict within a political community of states, under the name “Yugoslavia”.
Where are Mr. Dick Marty’s violations?
First: According to the prosecutor: “The ICTY had jurisdiction to prosecute and try crimes committed until June 1999. The actions we are dealing with today are alleged to have occurred especially starting from the summer of 1999”. Therefore, most of the “accusations” included in the Report cannot be defined as “war crimes” but “crimes in peacetime”, of an Albanian state organization under international supervision.
This “confusion” in distinguishing the time periods of the “crimes” committed by the prosecutor paves the way for him to inflate his relationship with all the criminal acts that still prevail today, not only in the Balkan countries, but also in European countries and beyond, such as corruption, human trafficking and sex workers, criminal enrichment, mafia activity, political assassinations, etc.
In the Special Report presented to the Council of Europe (17.05.2013) « On organized crime, corruption and money laundering » (A7-0175/2013 – Salvatore Iacolino). it is noted that 74% of (EU) citizens call corruption the fundamental problem of their country, as well as at the international level and that corruption phenomena are observed in all sectors of society… (24)
The actions of a group of individuals (even with a combat biography) cannot criminalize a heroic war, of an enslaved people.
The irony, disinformation and contempt of prosecutor D. Marty, are felt throughout the entire “history” of the KLA war: The fighters, as “soldiers for the cause of a homeland did not necessarily constitute the majority”, Adem Jashari “the peasant commander of the KLA”, “Many recruits who constituted an army peasants… smuggled weapons into Kosovo”, “this initial form of the KLA finally came to an end and entered folklore as a romantic expression for the liberation of Kosovo”, “that the structures of the KLA units were adapted to… a set of rules known as the canon”, etc. The difference between “developed, civilized and militarily strong” peoples and “underdeveloped-peasant” peoples lies at the foundation of racist theses.
Second: Why is the KLA blamed for all the disappearances of the Serbian ethnicity? The “Pandora” File contains the names of the people who ordered the (criminal) commandos to eliminate their opponents (Albanians) but also their Serbian collaborators. (25)
Third: Why has Mr. D. Marty not taken the trouble to be interested in the continuation of the Serbian genocide even after the war in Kosovo, since he claims international justice “for all criminals”, but preferred to keep the direction of the “punitive lightning of Zeus” from the Albanian side, on which the genocide of the war continues even today?
In post-war Kosovo, there is abundant documentation of facts of this nature. The “Pandora” file, dated March 14, 2006, describes the scheme of functioning of the Serbian police (MUP) operating today in Kosovo, which is composed and led by the same people whom confidential NATO documents refer to as criminals, gang leaders and organized crime in northern Kosovo, since the end of the war in 1999.
Immediately after the war, between the night of February 3 and 4, 2000, 10 Albanians were killed by members of of Serbian formations, while 1,564 Albanian families with a total of 11,364 people were forcibly evicted from their homes in northern Mitrovica. (26) No domestic or international legal process has been conducted for these murders and ethnic cleansing.
The greatest shame lies in the fact that – as Halit Barani, head of the KDMLNJ (Council for the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms) in Mitrovica, claims – all these murders were committed in the presence of French KFOR soldiers and international police. “Who can we expect to conduct investigations, when they themselves do nothing to prevent these murders?” asks Barani. (ibid.).
Fourth: Why does the prosecutor, for the sake of “justice to punish the crime”, not include in his report the genocide of the former Yugoslav state of 1981-1989? The bloody war of 1989-99 was only the final act of Serbian state activity against the Albanian population. Wasn’t there the poisoning of thousands of Albanian children with war gas, not to mention other acts of violence and genocide?
Fifth: Regarding the accusation of “hunting for traitors”, I would like to remind the international prosecutor of a statement of Christ in the New Testament. When the crowd wanted to stone a woman accused of violating her honor, he addressed them with these words: “Let him who is without sin among you be the first to cast a stone at her” (John 8:7) (27)
Let the prosecutor convince us with facts that during World War II and after its end, the partisans and the people of France, Italy, Russia and other countries did not kill and did not take revenge on the aggressors who had stained their hands with blood and their local collaborators.
I will not go further, because the purpose of this article is not to provide a complete analysis of the Report of the International Prosecutor Dick Marty, nor of the “analyses” of Albanian pseudo-intellectuals and articles in the foreign media, which make noise (“for the sake of the truth”!!!) in support of his opinions.
It seems as if I have strayed from the topic, but in fact, this Report of the International Prosecutor proves that a racist ideology imposed on the justice system could not convict Serbian perpetrators of inhuman crimes of sexual violence.
Luljeta Selim in her book “Confessions of Women Raped During the War in Kosovo” claims: I understand why Kosovars do not speak, do not write and do not do anything to reveal the rapes! But I do not understand the internationals operating in Kosovo and I know that they receive huge donations for this work and do nothing to reveal the rapists or to help the raped women.
The other reason that prompted me to publish this book with shocking accounts of some raped women is the unacceptable behavior of those who are called upon to do something about this! They behave as if there was no war, no murder, no burning, no looting, no rape, no nothing. Or even worse, they behave as if the rapes happened somewhere else, not here, before our eyes and the eyes of the world! (28).
Keywords: Српско систематско силовање албанских жена (1998-1999). Serbian systematic rape of Albanian women (1998-1999). Përdhunimi sistematik serb i grave shqiptare (1998-1999)
References
1- Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence, Intersentia, 2005, 5–7. ISBN 9050955339, it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupri_di_guerra
2- Simons, Marlise -giugno 1996. “For first time, Court Defines Rape as War Crime” it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupri_di_guerra
3- Prevent Genocide International info@preventgenocide.org
4- “Tratto da The world’s women 2000. Trends and statistics”, a cura dell’Ufficio statistico delle Nazioni Unite, New York 2000. Versione italiana a cura della Commissione nazionale per la parità e le pari opportunity.
5- it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio
6- “Tract da The world’s women 2000. Trends and statistics”, a cura dell’Ufficio statistico delle Nazioni Unite, New York 2000.
7- http://www.pashtriku.org/?kat=63&schriki=139
8- “We are looking for…” Episode 16 TV Kosova
9- [PDF] Michael S. Miller – Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Under_Orders_Al_Combined.pdf)
10- 22. 05. 2013 pashtriku – crimes – Ramos religion: rape as a war crime http://www.pashtriku.org/?kat=63&schriki=1630)
11- Angela Minzoni – Deroche. Rape as a tactic of war – Advocacy Paper (PDF). Caritas France, November 2005
12- Laura Smith-Spark, How did rape become a weapon of war?, BBC News, 8 dicembre 2004. URL consultato in data 28 luglio 2008, it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupri_di_guerra
13- Human Rights News Bosnia: Landmark Verdicts for Rape, Torture, and Sexual Enslavement: Criminal Tribunal Convicts Bosnian Serbs for Crimes Against Humanity 02/22/01
14- [PDF] Michael S. Miller – Human Rights Watch
http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Under_Orders_Al_Combined.pdf
15- it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupri_di_guerra
16- “We are looking…” Episode 16 TV Kosova
17- “Criminal law in the Leke Dukagjini Canon” Zef Ahmeti, Univ St.Gallen, Switzerland -www.forumishqiptar.com/threads/88484…i…/page9
18- 22. 05. 2013 http://www.pashtriku.org/?kat=63&shkrimi=1630
19- “Ne erkekim…” show i 16 TV Kosova
20- « Tribune: The Silent Crimes of Serbia » organized by the Vetvendosja movement on the occasion of March 8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FUhKHNHpzk
21- 22. 05. 2013 pashtriku – crimes – fetntete ramosaj: rapes as war crimes http://www.pashtriku.org/?kat=63&shkrimi=1630
22- Stemple, p. 612. and Will Storr, The rape of men, 17 luglio 2011. it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupri_di_guerra
23- sq.wikibooks.org/wiki/NËN_PUSHTETIN_E…/13
24- http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=CRE&reference=20130611&…
25- Pandora file pashtriku.org
26- NATO’s secret document that incriminates Oliver Ivanovic http://www.lajmeshqip.com
27- The death penalty http://www.raffaellosanzio.ct.it/progettolegalita/2M.pdf · PDF file
28- Testimonies of women raped during the war in Kosovo – video web.kosovalbaner.com ›
Original article in Albanian
Balkan Academia 