Abstract

The Lusatian culture, dating from approximately 1300 to 500 BC, represents a widespread Bronze Age cultural complex in Central Europe. According to the interpretations of Gustav Kossinna and later scholars, this culture is argued to have originated from a northern Illyrian ethnic background rather than Slavic or Germanic groups. Its distribution extended across present-day eastern Germany, Poland, parts of the Czech Republic, and into Central Slovakia, with continuity into successor cultures during the Iron Age, notably the Billendorf and later Przeworsk cultures. Characteristic features include extensive urnfield cemeteries, distinctive pottery styles, fortified settlements, and complex burial rituals. Despite differing scholarly opinions, archaeological evidence suggests cultural continuity rather than large-scale population replacement.

Researcher Gustav Kossina: the Lusanian culture originates from the Illyrians

This is the conclusion of the researcher Gustav Kossina, that the Lusatian or Lusatian culture is a culture with origin from the Illyrian ethnicity which dates back to 1300 BC. K. And it continues as a Bronze Age culture until 500 BC While in the Iron Age it is separately known as the Billendorf culture this should be treated separately, as a successor culture of the Germanic culture in East Germany developed mainly in Przeworsk (in the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD.

The Lusatian culture of Luzia e nve should not be confused with the culture called Luboszyce of the Lebus-Lausitz group. This culture is older from 1300–500 BC. K. Where it expands and then continues towards the North of Central Germany, then south to Poland. Then, in the South to the Ore Mountains, Ar qe ra = snow. Or the Slovak Morea which in Albanian means Morea in Slovakia and Central Slovakia. Where in the west it continues in Central Germany

The name “Lusatian type”, itself, derives from the region called with The name Lausitz. From here came the first findings, from the German doctor Rudolf Virchow, where at first he called this a Slavic culture. That is, the Slavs or Serbs of Lozica of Lusatia Lusatia. That this does not stand up is denied by the Gjetmans themselves that this is the culture of the Luzes and the Lozes and the Lizees. It is of Illyrian origin.

Since there has been much diversity as far as the origin of the Luzians, the Lozians, the Luzans, the Luzans and the origin of this tribe or ethnicity of the Lusatians in Lusatia, in Lusatia German: from Lausitz [ˈlaʊ̯zɪt͡s] meaning a seat for washing, a place where they wash ⓘ, Polish: Łużyceⓘ, Upper Sorbian: Łužica [ˈwuʒitsa], Lower Sorbian: Łužyca [ˈwuʒɨtsa- a region of present-day Czech Republic in Central Europe and historically in Central Europe, is the present-day territory of Lusatia), modern-day Poland.

Lusatia extends from the Bóbr and Kwisa rivers in the east to the Pulsnitz and Black Elster rivers in the west, and is located within the German states of Saxony and Brandenburg, as well as the Polish voivodeships of Lower Silesia and Lubusz. The main rivers of Lusatia in Lusatia are the Spree and the Lusatian Neisse, which also defines the border between Germany and Poland.

The Lusatian Mountains of the Western Sudetes separate Lusatia from Bohemia (Czech Republic) to the south. Lusatia is traditionally divided into Upper Lusatia, the hilly southern part, and Lower Lusatia, the flat northern part of Lusatia.

Lusatia
Upper Sorbian: Łužica
Lower Sorbian: Łužyca
German: Lausitz
Polish: Łużyce
Czech: Lužice

The Luzanian or Lusatian culture was an Illyrian culture that was very widespread in the Saale, the Spree, the Danube, the Vistula and the Ore Mountains = in Albanian the Slovak Sea of ​​Central Slovakia. This culture spread not only in Germany but also in other neighboring countries to the west, it was a continuation of other groups of the Urnfield culture, Albanian; Urn,Arn= Gold in the ground of A O, E I Y of the Golden Sun that fell with man resembling A Father in the sky as the Earth that fell land of the Star= of the Sun in the northwest are cultures of the Nordic Bronze Age

The special funeral customs of the burial of the corpses have been and were essential features of the Luzan or Luzian or Lusatian culture. These were like the rites of the burial of the corpses that were carried out in the form of large cemeteries, in which many generations were often buried there, and some up to 100 years. These cemeteries included over 1000 graves, the best known are:

such as the Kietrz cemetery with over 4000 graves discovered to date or the Łęgowo cemetery. In addition to the large quantities of ceramics, there are also traces of baked clay used. Where wooden grave enclosures are mainly made of large fired pottery on the inside and stone grave enclosures on the outside are typical, in places like Groß Jauer in Brandenburg.

The hoard was found in Papowo Biskupie in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland, discovered as late as 2023. It was part of a water burial ritual of the Chełmno group (according to the German Kulmer group) of the Lusian or Lusatian culture.

Similar to most other Bronze Age cultures found are also the settlements and plans found in Central Europe. The settlements made below were typical of the Lusian or Lusatian culture. Based on the findings of the reading and the results of the excavations, it is found that the views of these settlements are similar or typical where they are found in the villages, referring to the settlements on the southern slopes that lie near the river valleys.

Some floor plans of the houses of these settlements show us dimensions up to 8 × 28 meters. Where the dividing walls separate the different areas inside the house from each other. Where the walls of these buildings are mainly made of plastered weaving with clay, as evidenced by the finds of clay fused with wood and with weaving on the opposite side.

Fortified stone castles can be found built and are found as traces on mountain ridges and in marshy lowlands. The pottery is illustrated by the northern hump shapes and the southern spiral decoration where they joined to form the vessels found of the Bronze Age of the Illyrian Lusatian or Lusatian culture type, where the hump is often emphasized with concentric circles and clearly reminiscent of the chest. Similar decorated vessels of this culture were also found in the Balkans and in Anatolia (Troy VII).

Ethnic interpretation

In the absence of evidence and facts in written form, for the language spoken by the bearers of this Illyrian culture. Called Lusatian At the beginning of the 20th century, it is found that a German scholar Gustaf Kossinna claimed that the bearers of this culture were the Carpodacians, or Dacian tribes of the Carpathian Mountains. Later, one should follow the opinion of Alfred Götze, who emphasizes that the bearers of this culture were a northern Illyrian “ethnicity”.

While the Czech Pič and especially the Polish scholar Jozef Kostrzewski saw them as Slavs as the bearers of culture and we have spoken the Ural-Germanic language, the (pre)linguistic or ethnic affiliation of the bearers of the Lusatian culture is supported mainly by the fact that the area of ​​distribution of this culture was replaced around the end of the century by many East Germanic tribes of the Przeworsk culture.
There is therefore no evidence of major migratory movements in this area in the second half of the 1st millennium BC.

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