Balkan Academia

Ancient DNA evidence for the history of the Albanians

Author and translator: Petrit Latifi.

Balkan Academia

Ancient DNA evidence for the history of the Albanians

Article | Published: 04 May 2026

Authors: Leonidas-Romanos Davranoglou, Alban Lauka, Aris Aristodemou, Zoltán Maróti, Gjergj Bojaxhi, Ardian Muhaj, Ilia Mikerezi, David Wesolowski, Brian D. Joseph & Alexandros Heraclides

Nature Human Behaviour (2026)

Abstract

The history of the Albanian people has long been debated, as they first appear in historical records in the eleventh century CE and their language is not closely related to any surviving Indo-European branches. Here, to reconstruct their history, we analysed over 6,000 ancient West Eurasian genomes and 74 newly sequenced present-day ethnic Albanians.

Using a range of population genetics methods, including an enhanced protocol to detect identity-by-descent segments between ancient and present-day individuals, we detect continuity of West Balkan Late Bronze and Iron Age ancestry in Early Medieval Albania, to a greater degree than in neighbouring Balkan regions.

We find that present-day Albanians predominantly descend from this remnant palaeo-Balkan group, which by at least 800–900 CE already exhibited a genetic profile suggesting that they are ancestral to many modern Albanians. In addition, we observe geographically structured admixture with Medieval East European-related groups, averaging 10–20% across present-day Albanians. Our findings provide insight into the demographic processes shaping Albanian ancestry and help locate the origin area of the Albanian language.

Figures

  • Fig. 1: Geographical distribution and dating of the ancient and present-day Balkan populations examined.extended data figure 1
  • Fig. 2: PCA of present-day West Eurasian samples (grey points) with projection of ancient Neolithic-EBA individuals from the Balkans.
  • Fig. 3: PCA of present-day West Eurasian samples (grey circles) with projection of ancient BA and IA individuals from the Balkans.extended data figure 3
  • Fig. 4: PCA of present-day West Eurasian samples (grey circles) with projection of ancient Roman, Medieval and Post-Medieval individuals from the Balkans
  • Fig. 5: Ancestry proportions of present-day Albanians, shown using two proxies for East European-related ancestry.extended data figure 5
  • Fig. 6: PCA and IBD sharing patterns of present-day Albanians by dialect.extended data figure 6
  • Fig. 7: Haplogroup transformations of the Balkans and Hungary from the Neolithic to the Early Modern Period.extended data figure 7
  • Fig. 8: Graphical representation of clade formation (cumulative sum of new subclades) of the principal palaeo-Balkan and Migration Period-related haplogroups of present-day Albanians, using TMRCA estimates from Y-full.extended data figure 8
  • Extended Data Fig. 1 Identity-by-Descent (IBD) sharing among present-day Albanians and selected ancient genomes from West Eurasia.extended data figure 9
  • Extended Data Fig. 2 Effective population size estimation of present-day Albanians and ancient samples from the territory of present-day Albania using Colate.extended data figure 10
  • Extended Data Fig. 3 Runs of homozygosity (ROH) in populations from Albania over a 6,000-year transect, using hapROH.

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